Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Latenz in Cloud-basierten Anwendungen

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Schnelles und skalierbares Cloud-Datenmanagement

  • 285 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Der kontinuierliche Wandel hin zur Cloud-Computing hat zwei primäre Architekturen etabliert: Zwei-Schichten- und Drei-Schichten-Anwendungen. Beide Architekturen sind an verschiedenen Ebenen anfällig für Latenz. Die konkrete Realisierung kann auf verschiedenen Cloud-Modellen aufbauen, insbesondere Datenbank/Backend-as-a-Service, Plattform-as-a-Service und Infrastruktur-as-a-Service.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Trotz aller jüngsten Fortschritte in Programmiersprachen, Werkzeugen, Cloud-Plattformen und Frameworks zeigen Studien, dass über 30 % aller Webprojekte verspätet oder über Budget geliefert werden, während 21 % ihre definierten Anforderungen nicht erfüllen [Kri15].

  2. 2.

    Die JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) ist ein eigenständiges Dokumentenformat, bestehend aus Objekten (Schlüssel-Wert-Paaren) und Arrays (geordneten Listen), die beliebig verschachtelt werden können. JSON hat aufgrund seiner einfacheren Struktur im Vergleich zu XML an Beliebtheit gewonnen. Es kann leicht in JavaScript verarbeitet werden und wurde so zum weit verbreiteten Format für Dokumentendatenbanken wie MongoDB [CD13], CouchDB [ALS10], Couchbase [Lak+16], und Espresso [Qia+13] zur Reduzierung des Impedance Mismatch (Impedanzmismatches) [Mai90].

    Abb. 2.2
    figure 2

    Die Zwei-Schichten-Webanwendungsarchitektur

    Full size image
  3. 3.

    Neben HTTP können auch echtzeitfähige Protokolle wie Web Sockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE) oder WebRTC verwendet werden [Gri13].

  4. 4.

    Die großen Pufferspeichergrößen können auch zu einem Problem führen, das als Buffer Bloat (Pufferaufblähung) bezeichnet wird, bei dem Warteschlangen immer mit ihrer maximalen Kapazität arbeiten. Dies wird oft durch TCP-Staukontroll-Algorithmen verursacht, die den Durchsatz erhöhen, bis ein Paketverlust auftritt. Bei großen Warteschlangen können viele Pakete gepuffert und verzögert werden, bevor ein Paketverlust auftritt, was sich negativ auf die Latenz auswirkt[APB09, Gri13].

Literatur

  1. Nick Antonopoulos and Lee Gillam, Hrsg. Cloud Computing: Principles, Systems and Applications (Computer Communications and Networks). 2nd aufl. 2017. Springer, Juli 2017. isbn: 9783319546445. url: http://amazon.com/o/ASIN/3319546449/.

  2. Gustavo Alonso et al. “Web services”. In: Web Services. Springer, 2004, S. 123–149.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater. CouchDB – The Definitive Guide: Time to Relax. O’Reilly, 2010. isbn: 978-0-596-15589-6. url: http://www.oreilly.de/catalog/9780596155896/index.html.

  4. Amazon Web Services AWS â Server Hosting & Cloud Services. https://aws.amazon.com/de/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  5. Angular Framework. https://angulario/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Apache jclouds. https://jclouds.apache.org/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  7. Apache Libcloud. http://libcloud.apache.org/index.html. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  8. Mark Allman, Vern Paxson, and Ethan Blanton. TCP congestion control. Tech. rep. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  9. App Engine (Google Cloud Platform). https://cloud.google.com/appengine/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  10. HTTP Archive. http://httparchive.org/trends.php. (Zugegriffen 07/14/2018). 2018.

  11. AWS Elastic Beanstalk – PaaS Application Management. https://aws.amazon.com/de/elasticbeanstalk/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  12. Microsoft Azure: Cloud Computing Platform & Services. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  13. Backbone.js. http://backbonejs.org/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). 2017.

  14. P. Barham et al. “Xen and the art of virtualization”. In: ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. Bd. 37. 2003, S. 164–177. url: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=945462%7C (besucht am 10/09/2012).

  15. Kent Beck. Extreme programming explained: embrace change. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti. Cloud Computing: A Hands-on Approach. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  17. R. Buyya et al. “Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering computing as the 5th utility”. In: Future Generation computer systems 25.6 (2009), S. 599–616. url: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X08001957 (besucht am 06/29/2012).

  18. Meenakshi Bist, Manoj Wariya, and Amit Agarwal. “Comparing delta, open stack and Xen Cloud Platforms: A survey on open source IaaS”. In: Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2013 IEEE 3rd International. IEEE. 2013, S. 96–100.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Brad Calder et al. “Windows Azure Storage: a highly available cloud storage service with strong consistency”. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. ACM. ACM, 2011, S. 143–157. url: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2043571 (besucht am 04/16/2014).

  20. Kristina Chodorow and Michael Dirolf. MongoDB – The Definitive Guide. O’Reilly, 2013. isbn: 978-1-449-38156-1. url: http://www.oreilly.de/catalog/9781449381561/index.html.

  21. Lee Chao. Cloud Computing Networking: Theory, Practice, and Development. Auerbach Publications, 2015. url: https://www.amazon.com/Cloud-Computing-Networking-Practice-Development-ebook/dp/B015PNEOGC?SubscriptionId=0JYN1NVW651KCA56C102&tag=techkie-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B015PNEOGC.

  22. Cloud Application Platform – Devops Platform — Cloud Foundry. https://www.cloudfoundry.org/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  23. Cloud Application Platform — Heroku. https://www.heroku.com/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  24. vCloud Suite, vSphere-Based Private Cloud: VMware. http://www.vmware.com/products/vcloud-suite.html. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  25. Douglas Crockford. “JSON: Javascript object notation”. In: URL http://www.json.org (2006).

  26. Deployd: a toolkit for building realtime APIs. https://github.com/deployd/deployd. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017. url: https://github.com/deployd/deployd (besucht am 02/19/2017).

  27. Hoang T Dinh et al. “A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches”. In: Wireless communications and mobile computing 13.18 (2013), S. 1587–1611.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ember.js Framework. https://www.emberjs.com/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). 2017.

  29. Christoph Fehling et al. Cloud Computing Patterns – Fundamentals to Design, Build, and Manage Cloud Applications. Springer, 2014. isbn: 978-3-7091-1567-1. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1568-8.

    Google Scholar 

  30. A Behrouz Forouzan. Data communications & networking. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  31. K. Gilly, C. Juiz, and R. Puigjaner. “An up-to-date survey in web load balancing”. In: World Wide Web 14.2 (2011), S. 105–131. url: http://www.springerlink.com/index/P1080033328U8158.pdf (besucht am 09/12/2012).

  32. Google Cloud Computing, Hosting Services & APIs – Google Cloud Platform. https://cloud.google.com/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  33. John Gossmann. Introduction to Model/View/ViewModel pattern for building WPF apps. https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/johngossman/2005/10/08/introduction-to-modelviewviewmodel-pattern-for-building-wpf-apps/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). Aug. 2005.

  34. GraphQL. https://facebook.github.io/graphql/. (Zugegriffen 05/25/2017). 2017.

  35. Ilya Grigorik. High performance browser networking. English. [S.l.]: O’Reilly Media, 2013. isbn: 1-4493-4476-3 978-1-4493-4476-4. url: https://books.google.de/books?id=tf-AAAAQBAJ.

  36. Tian Guo et al. “Seagull: Intelligent Cloud Bursting for Enterprise Applications”. In: 2012 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Boston, MA, USA, June 13–15, 2012. Hrsg. by Gernot Heiser and Wilson C. Hsieh. USENIX Association, 2012, S. 361–366. url: https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc12/technical-sessions/presentation/guo.

  37. Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem et al. “The rise of “big data” on cloud computing: Review and open research issues”. In: Inf. Syst. 47 (2015), S. 98–115. doi: 10.1016/j.is.2014.07.006.

  38. Kai Hwang, Jack Dongarra, and Geoffrey C Fox. Distributed and cloud computing: from parallel processing to the internet of things. Morgan Kaufmann, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tony Hillerson. Seven Mobile Apps in Seven Weeks: Native Apps, Multiple Platforms. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2016. url: https://www.amazon.com/Seven-Mobile-Apps-Weeks-Platforms-ebook/dp/B01L9W8AQS?SubscriptionId=0JYN1NVW651KCA56C102&tag=techkie-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B01L9W8AQS.

  40. GitHub – hoodiehq/hoodie: A backend for Offline First applications. https://github.com/hoodiehq/hoodie. (Zugegriffen 05/25/2017). 2017. url: https://github.com/hoodiehq/hoodie (besucht am 02/17/2017).

  41. Marc Hadley and P Sandoz. “JSR 311: Java api for RESTful web services”. In: Technical report, Java Community Process (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Stephan Hochhaus and Manuel Schoebel. Meteor in action. Manning Publ., 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf. “Enterprise Integration Pattern”. In: Addison-Wesley Signature Series (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  44. IBM Bluemix â Cloud-Infrastruktur, Plattformservices, Watson, & weitere PaaS-Lösungen. https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/bluemix. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  45. Joyent — Triton. https://www.joyent.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  46. Poul-Henning Kamp. Varnish HTTP Cache. https://varnishcache.org/. (Zugegriffen 04/30/2017). 2017. url: https://varnish-cache.org/ (besucht am 01/26/2017).

  47. Heba Kurdi, Maozhen Li, and HS Al-Raweshidy. “Taxonomy of Grid Systems”. In: Handbook of research on P2P and grid systems for service-oriented computing: Models, Methodologies and Applications. IGI Global, 2010, S. 20–43.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Martin Kleppmann. Designing Data-Intensive Applications. English. 1 edition. O’Reilly Media, Jan. 2017. isbn: 978-1-4493-7332-0.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Glenn E Krasner, Stephen T Pope, et al. “A description of the modelview- controller user interface paradigm in the smalltalk-80 system”. In: Journal of object oriented programming 1.3 (1988), S. 26–49.

    Google Scholar 

  50. James F Kurose and Keith W Ross. Computer networking: a top-down approach. Bd. 5. Addison-Wesley Reading, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Michael Krigsman. Research: 25 percent of web projects fail. http://www.zdnet.com/article/research-25-percentof-web-projects-fail/. (Zugegriffen 04/30/2017). 2015. url: http://www.zdnet.com/article/research-25-percent-of-web-projects-fail/.

  52. Sarath Lakshman et al. “Nitro: A Fast, Scalable In-Memory Storage Engine for NoSQL Global Secondary Index”. In: PVLDB 9.13 (2016), S. 1413–1424. url: http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol9/p1413-lakshman.pdf.

  53. Wolfgang Lehner and Kai-Uwe Sattler. Web-Scale Data Management for the Cloud. Englisch. Auflage: 2013. New York: Springer, Apr. 2013. isbn: 978-1-4614-6855-4.

    Google Scholar 

  54. David Maier. “Representing database programs as objects”. In: Advances in database programming languages. ACM. 1990, S. 377–386.

    Google Scholar 

  55. San Murugesan and Irena Bojanova. Encyclopedia of Cloud Computing. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dirk Merkel. “Docker: lightweight linux containers for consistent development and deployment”. In: Linux Journal 2014.239 (2014), S. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Peter Mell and Tim Grance. “The NIST definition of cloud computing”. In: National Institute of Standards and Technology 53.6 (2009), S. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Robert B Miller. “Response time in man-computer conversational transactions”. In: Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I. ACM. 1968, S. 267–277.

    Google Scholar 

  59. M Mikowski and J Powell. Single Page Applications. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Brad A Myers. “The importance of percent-done progress indicators for computer-human interfaces”. In: ACM SIGCHI Bulletin. Bd. 16. 4. ACM. 1985, S. 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Irakli Nadareishvili et al. Microservice Architecture: Aligning Principles, Practices, and Culture. “O’Reilly Media, Inc.”, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sam Newman. Building microservices – designing fine-grained systems, 1st Edition. O’Reilly, 2015. isbn: 9781491950357. url: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904463848.

  63. Jakob Nielsen. Usability engineering. Elsevier, 1994.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Daniel Nurmi et al. “The eucalyptus open-source cloud-computing system”. In: Proceedings of the 2009 9th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid. IEEE Computer Society. 2009, S. 124–131.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Office 365 for Business. https://products.office.com/enus/business/office. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  66. Salesforce Online CRM. https://www.salesforce.com/en. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  67. Parse Server. http://parseplatform.github.io/docs/parse-server/guide/. (Zugegriffen 07/28/2017). 2017. url: http://parseplatform.github.io/docs/parse-server/guide/ (besucht am 02/19/2017).

  68. Lin Qiao et al. “On brewing fresh espresso: LinkedIn’s distributed data serving platform”. In: Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Management of data. ACM, 2013, S. 1135–1146. url: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2465298 (besucht am 09/28/2014).

  69. React – A JavaScript library for building user interfaces. https://facebook.github.io/react/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). 2017.

  70. Will Reese. “Nginx: the high-performance web server and reverse proxy”. In: Linux Journal 2008.173 (2008), S. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  71. RightScale Cloud Management. http://www.rightscale.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  72. Ken Schwaber and Mike Beedle. Agile software development with Scrum. Bd. 1. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Scalr: Enterprise-Grade Cloud Management Platform. https://www.scalr.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  74. Skytap. https://www.skytap.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  75. Slack. https://slack.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  76. SoftLayer — Cloud Servers, Storage, Big Data, & More IAAS Solutions. http://www.softlayer.com/. (Zugegriffen 06/05/2017). 2017.

  77. Adel Nadjaran Toosi, Rodrigo N Calheiros, and Rajkumar Buyya. “Interconnected cloud computing environments: Challenges, taxonomy, and survey”. In: ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 47.1 (2014), S. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Django Web Framework. https://www.djangoproject.com/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  79. Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Maarten van Steen. Distributed systems – principles and paradigms, 2nd Edition. Pearson Education, 2007. isbn: 978-0-13-239227-3.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Alexandre Verbitski et al. “Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases”. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD Conference 2017, Chicago, IL, USA, May 14–19, 2017. Hrsg. by Semih Salihoglu et al. ACM, 2017, S. 1041–1052. doi: 10.1145/3035918.3056101.

  81. Piet Van Mieghem. Performance analysis of complex networks and systems. Cambridge University Press, 2014. url: http://books.google.de/books?hl=de&lr=&id=lc3aWG0rL_MC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=mieghem+performance&ots=ohyJ3Qz2Lz&sig=1MOrNY0vHG-D4pDsf_DygD_3vDY (besucht am 10/03/2014).

  82. Vue.js. https://vuejs.org/. (Zugegriffen 05/26/2017). 2017.

  83. Craig Walls. Spring in Action: Covers Spring 4. Manning Publications, 2014. isbn: 161729120X. url: https://www.amazon.com/Spring-Action-Covers-4/dp/161729120X?SubscriptionId=0JYN1NVW651KCA56C102&tag=techkie-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=161729120X.

  84. Wolfram Wingerath, Felix Gessert, ErikWitt, et al. “Speed Kit: A Polyglot & GDPR-Compliant Approach For Caching Personalized Content”. In: 36th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE 2020, Dallas, Texas, April 20–24, 2020. 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  85. WildFly Homepage Âů WildFly. http://wildfly.org/. (Zugegriffen 05/20/2017). 2017.

  86. Da Wang, Gauri Joshi, and Gregory Wornell. “Using straggler replication to reduce latency in large-scale parallel computing”. In: ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 43.3 (2015), S. 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Zhe Wu and Harsha V. Madhyastha. “Understanding the latency benefits of multi-cloud webservice deployments”. In: Computer Communication Review 43.2 (2013), S. 13–20. doi: 10.1145/2479957.2479960.

  88. Erik Wilde and Cesare Pautasso. REST: from research to practice. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lamia Youseff, Maria Butrico, and Dilma Da Silva. “Toward a unified ontology of cloud computing”. In: Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE’08. IEEE. 2008, S. 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Baqend GmbH, Hamburg, Germany

    Felix Gessert

  2. Weddelbrook, Germany

    Wolfram Wingerath

  3. Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Norbert Ritter

Authors
  1. Felix Gessert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wolfram Wingerath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Norbert Ritter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Felix Gessert .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 Der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert an Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gessert, F., Wingerath, W., Ritter, N. (2024). Latenz in Cloud-basierten Anwendungen. In: Schnelles und skalierbares Cloud-Datenmanagement. Springer Vieweg, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54388-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation