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Aikin gandun daji a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila

Ginin daji shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayin bishiyoyi a wani yanki inda babu wani itace na baya-bayan nan. Idan aka kwatanta, sake dasa bishiyoyi yana nufin sake kafa gandun daji wanda aka yanke ko ya ɓace saboda dalilai na halitta, kamar wuta, guguwa, da dai sauransu.

Akwai nau'ikan gandun daji guda uku: Sabuntawa na halitta, agroforestry da shuke-shuke na bishiyoyi. Kayan daji yana da fa'idodi da yawa. A cikin yanayin Canjin yanayi, gandun daji na iya taimakawa wajen Rage canjin yanayi ta hanyar hanyar kwace carbon. Har ila yau, gandun daji na iya inganta yanayin yankin ta hanyar kara ruwan sama da kuma kasancewa shingen iska mai ƙarfi. Ƙarin bishiyoyi na iya hanawa ko rage Rushewar ƙasa (daga ruwa da iska), ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasar. A ƙarshe, ƙarin bishiyoyi na iya zama wurin zama ga namun daji, da samar da aiki da kayan katako.

Kasashe da yawa suna da shirye-shiryen gandun daji don kara Cire carbon dioxide daga gandun daji da kuma rage hamada. Koyaya, gandun daji a kan ciyawa da wuraren savanna na iya zama matsala. Kimanin ƙwaƙwalwar carbon a cikin waɗannan yankuna galibi ba ya haɗa da cikakken adadin raguwar carbon a ƙasa da jinkirta ci gaban bishiyoyi a tsawon lokaci. Har ila yau, gandun daji na iya shafar bambancin halittu ta hanyar karuwar raguwa da Tasirin gefen ga mazaunin da ya rage a waje da yankin da aka shuka.

Ma'anar

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Kalmar afforestation tana nufin kafa sabon gandun daji a ƙasashen da ba gandun daji ba ne a baya (misali aikin gona da aka watsar). Ma'anar iri ɗaya a wasu kalmomi ta bayyana cewa gandun daji shine "maidowa zuwa gandun daji na ƙasar da a tarihi ba ta ƙunshe da gandun daji ba".[1]:1794

Idan aka kwatanta, sake dasa bishiyoyi yana nufin "canja zuwa gandun daji na ƙasar da a baya ya ƙunshi gandun daji amma an canza shi zuwa wasu amfani".[1]:1812

Nau'o'in

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Akwai nau'ikan gandun daji guda uku: [2]

Hanyar da ake ciki

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Bayan an tantance wurin gandun daji, dole ne a shirya yankin don dasa shi. Shirye-shiryen na iya haɗawa da hanyoyi daban-daban na inji ko sunadarai, kamar yanka, hawa, gado, herbicides, da ƙonewa.[3] Da zarar an shirya shafin, ana iya dasa shuka. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shuka shine shuka kai tsaye, wanda ya haɗa da shuka tsaba kai tsaye a cikin gandun daji.[4] Wani kuma shine shuka shuke-shuke, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai shuke- shuke-huke sun riga sun sami tsarin tushen da aka kafa.[5] Ginin daji ta hanyar yankewa wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifuwa ba tare da jima'i ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani yanki na itace, reshe, tushen, ko ganye a kan gandun daji kuma su yi nasara.[6] Wani lokaci ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar shuka itace, don sauƙaƙa shuka bishiyoyi da sauri.[7]

Wani muhimmin bangare na nasarar gandun daji ya kasance a cikin zaɓin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da suka dace da yanayin yankin da yanayin ƙasa. Ta hanyar zabar nau'ikan da suka dace, yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji zasu iya tsayayya da tasirin canjin yanayi.[8]

Fa'idodi

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Akwai fa'idodi da yawa daga gandun daji kamar su satar carbon, karuwar ruwan sama, rigakafin rushewar ƙasa (daga ruwa da iska), ambaliyar ruwa da raguwar rushewar ruwa, shingen da iska mai ƙarfi, mafaka ga namun daji, aiki da madadin hanyoyin samar da kayan itace.[2]

Ayyukan gandun daji suna haifar da damar samun aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara, don haka inganta hanyoyin rayuwa masu ɗorewa. Za su iya ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi gandun daji.[9]

@Rage canjin yanayi

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Amfanin muhalli

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Ginin daji yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da kara ingancin ƙasa da matakan carbon na kwayoyin, rage haɗarin rushewa da hamada.[10] Shuka bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma yana iya rage gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar shawo kan bishiyoyi da tacewar gurɓata, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da .[11]

Ginin daji yana kare bambancin halittu na tsire-tsire da dabbobi wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da yanayin halittu wanda ke samar da iska mai tsabta, taki na ƙasa, da dai sauransu.[12] dazuzzuka suna tallafawa kiyaye halittu masu yawa, suna ba da wuraren zama ga kusan 80% na halittu masu ban sha'awa na duniya kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga maido da yanayin halittu da juriya. Gudanar da ruwa za a iya inganta gandun daji, kamar yadda bishiyoyi ke tsara yanayin ruwa, rage lalacewar ƙasa, da kuma hana ruwa. Ikon su na kamawa da adana ruwa yana taimakawa wajen rage ambaliyar ruwa da fari.[13]

dazuzzuka suna aiki a matsayin matattarar iska ta halitta, suna shan gurbataccen abu da inganta ingancin iska. Ayyukan gandun daji na birane sun ci nasara wajen rage cututtukan numfashi da inganta ingancin iska gaba ɗaya a cikin birane.[14][15][16] Bishiyoyi suna samar da inuwa da tasirin sanyaya. Ta hanyar inuwa da evaporation, gandun daji na iya rage yanayin zafi na gida, yana ba da yanayi mai dadi a cikin birane da rage tasirin matsanancin zafi.[16][15]

Rashin amincewa

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Ginin daji a cikin ciyawa

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Ana sukar kamfen ɗin shuka bishiyoyi saboda wasu lokuta ana yin niyya a wuraren da gandun daji ba za su faru ba, kamar su ciyawa da Savanna biomes.[17][18][19] Tsinkayen ƙwaƙwalwar carbon na shirye-shiryen gandun daji sau da yawa ba su isa ba a la'akari da yiwuwar rage carbon a cikin ƙasa da kuma rage girman itace a tsawon lokaci.

Tasirin halittu masu yawa

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Ginin daji na iya shafar bambancin halittu ta hanyar karuwar raguwa da Tasirin gefen ga mazaunin da ya rage a waje da yankin da aka shuka. Sabbin shuka-shuke na gandun daji na iya gabatar da masu cin nama na gaba ɗaya waɗanda in ba haka ba za a iya samun su a cikin buɗewa a cikin yankin da aka rufe ba, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan cin zarafi a kan nau'in asalin yankin. Binciken da masana kimiyya a British Trust for Ornithology suka yi a cikin raguwar yawan mutanen Burtaniya na Eurasian curlew ya gano cewa gandun daji ya shafi yawan mutanen curlew ta hanyar raguwar wuraren zama na ciyawa da kuma karuwa a cikin masu cin nama.[20]

Albedo na saman

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An kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na duniya. Rufin bishiyoyi masu girma na iya sa albedo ya fi duhu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin zafi don shawo kan shi, wanda zai iya haɓaka zafin duniya. Wannan ya dace da wasu sassan duniya tare da manyan matakan dusar ƙanƙara, saboda bambancin da ya fi dacewa a cikin albedo tsakanin fararen dusar ƙara mai haske da kuma murfin gandun daji mai duhu wanda ke shan ƙarin hasken rana.[21][22]

Misalan

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Ostiraliya

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In Adelaide, South Australia (a city of 1.3 million as of June 2016), Premier Mike Rann (2002 to 2011) launched an urban forest initiative in 2003 to plant 3 million native trees and shrubs by 2014 on 300 project sites across the metro area.[23] Thousands of Adelaide citizens participated in community planting days on sites including parks, reserves, transport corridors, schools, water courses and coastline. Only native trees were planted to ensure genetic integrity. Rann said the project aimed to beautify and cool the city and make it more livable, improve air and water quality, and reduce Adelaide's greenhouse gas emissions by 600,000 tonnes of Samfuri:CO2 a year.[24]

Kanada

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A shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Kanada ta kirkiro wani aikin shekaru hudu da ake kira Forest 2020 Plantation Development and Assessment Initiative, wanda ya shafi dasa hekta 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kan ƙasashen da ba gandun daji ba a duk faɗin ƙasar. An yi amfani da waɗannan shuke-shuke don nazarin yadda gandun daji zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yawan ƙwaƙwalwar carbon da rage hayaki na gas (GHG) yayin da yake la'akari da kyawawan tattalin arziki da saka hannun jari na gandun daji. Sakamakon shirin ya nuna cewa kodayake babu isasshen ƙasa a Kanada don kawar da fitar da GHG na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, gandun daji na iya zama hanyar ragewa mai amfani don saduwa da burin fitar da GG, musamman har sai na dindindin, fasahar adana carbon mai ci gaba ta zama samuwa.[25]

A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2020, Ministan albarkatun kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar saka hannun jari na gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar rage hayakin gas mai guba da kimanin megaton 12 nan da shekara ta 2050. [26]

China

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An dasa sassan gandun daji tare da daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze dam a lardin Hubei
Shirin Ofishin Jakadancin Jamus Haloxylon ammodendron, Xinjiang, China

Dokar a kasar Sin daga 1981 ta buƙaci cewa kowane ɗalibin makaranta sama da shekaru 11 aƙalla itace ɗaya a kowace shekara.[27] Amma matsakaicin nasarar, musamman a cikin shuke-shuke da ke tallafawa jihar, ya kasance ƙasa. Kuma har ma da itatuwan da aka dasa da kyau sun sami matsala sosai wajen tsira daga tasirin fari mai tsawo, annoba, da gobara. Duk da haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman gandun daji na kowace ƙasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da hekta miliyan 4.77 (kilomita 47,000) na gandun daji a shekara ta 2008.[28] Kodayake kasar Sin ta kafa manufofi na hukuma don sake gina gandun daji, waɗannan suna da shekaru 80 kuma ba a cika su sosai ba a shekara ta 2008. Kasar Sin tana ƙoƙarin gyara waɗannan matsalolin tare da ayyukan kamar Green Wall na kasar Sin, wanda ke da niyyar sake dasa gandun daji da kuma dakatar da fadada Gobi Desert.

Dangane da rahoton aikin gwamnati na 2021, rufe gandun daji zai kai kashi 24 bisa ga manyan manufofi da ayyuka na lokacin Shirin Shekaru biyar na 14.[29] A cewar Hukumar Kula da dajijjika, da Grassland ta Kasa, yawan gandun daji na kasar Sin ya karu daga kashi 12 cikin 100 a farkon shekarun 1980 zuwa kashi 23 cikin 100 a watan Agusta 2021.

A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabon gandun daji daga kowace ƙasa tsakanin 1990 da 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a cikin shirye-shiryen gandun daji da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35 a fadin larduna 12. A shekara ta 2015, adadin gandun daji da aka dasa a kasar Sin ya rufe hekta miliyan 79.

Daga 2011 zuwa 2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya mamaye sama da hekta 13,800 na Ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya.[30] A cikin 2017, Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Wahayi da Ayyuka don "canja ƙasar da ta lalace zuwa aljanna mai kyau".[31]

Nasarar da aka samu a yankin Loess Plateau ya haɗa da hadin gwiwar masu sana'a na kasa da na cikin gida tare da mazauna ƙauyuka. Ta hanyar wannan shirin, miliyoyin mazauna ƙauyuka a fadin larduna huɗu mafi talauci na kasar Sin sun sami damar inganta ayyukan noma da kara yawan kudaden shiga da aiki, rage talauci.[32] Bugu da kari, zaɓin bishiyoyi a hankali ya tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin halittu mai dorewa tsakanin itace da ƙasa wanda ya sauƙaƙa nutsewar carbon. Loess Plateau, ko da yake ya ci nasara, ya kasance mai tsada, ya kai kusan dala miliyan 500.[32]

Wannan ya bambanta da wasu shirye-shiryen da aka yi kwanan nan inda sakamakon bai kasance mai kyau ba. A cikin ƙoƙari na yin gandun daji mai tsada da ƙarancin lokaci, kasar Sin ta sauya zuwa monoculture na yawancin itatuwan pine. Koyaya, wannan bai yi la'akari da tsarin muhalli ba kuma ya haifar da karuwar lalacewar ƙasa, hamada, guguwar yashi / ƙura da bishiyoyi masu gajeren lokaci. Wannan ya rage ƙididdigar dorewar muhalli ta kasar Sin (ESI) zuwa ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya. [33][34]

Game da tasirin gandun daji a kan kayan carbon na dogon lokaci da kuma ƙwace carbon waɗannan suna raguwa lokacin da bishiyoyi ba su kai shekaru 5 ba kuma suna ƙaruwa da sauri bayan haka.[35] Wannan yana nufin itatuwa daga shuka monoculture waɗanda ba su tsira ba su taɓa kaiwa ga cikakken damar da za a iya ɗauka na carbon don rage fitar da carbon na China ba. Gabaɗaya, akwai yiwuwar gandun daji don daidaita matakan carbon da taimakawa tsaka-tsaki na carbon, amma ƙalubalen da yawa har yanzu suna nan wanda ke hana duk ƙoƙarin da ke tattare da shi.[36] Fiye da hekta miliyan 69.3 na gandun daji an dasa su a duk faɗin kasar Sin daga 1999 zuwa 2013. Wannan sake gina gandun daji mai yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga gandun daji na kasar Sin wanda ke hana 1.11 ± 0.38 Gt carbon a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2016. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 45 cikin 100 na hayakin gas na shekara-shekara a wannan lokacin a kasar Sin.[37]

Turai

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Ginin daji a kan tsohuwar ƙasar kwal kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales

Europe deforested more than half of its forested areas over the last 6000 years.[38] The European Union (EU) has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland into forest and payments for the management of forest. As part of the Green Deal,[39] the EU program "3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge by 2030" provides direction on afforestation of previous farmland in addition to reforestation.  

Dangane da kididdigar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona, Spain tana da kashi na uku mafi sauri a Turai a cikin shekarun 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, an rufe jimlar murabba'in kilomita 44,360, kuma jimlar gandun daji ta tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 26.6% na yankin Mutanen Espanya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 36.6%. Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai.[40]

A watan Janairun 2013, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya burin kashi 12% na gandun daji a Ingila ta hanyar 2060, sama da kashi 10% na lokacin.[41] A Wales Majalisar Dokokin Wales ta kafa manufa ta 19% ta rufe gandun daji, daga 15%. Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar Woodland Carbon Code an yi niyyar tallafawa wannan manufar ta hanyar ƙarfafa kamfanoni da masu mallakar ƙasa su kirkiro sabon gandun daji don rage hayakin carbon. Kungiyoyin agaji irin su Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga gandun daji da ƙoƙarin sake gina gandun daji a Burtaniya.

Indiya

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Kudancin Indiya

Ya zuwa 2023 jimlar gandun daji da bishiyoyi a Indiya sun kai kashi 22%.[42] An rarraba gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa ga ka'idojin Biophysical. 38% na gandun daji an rarraba su a matsayin busassun busassun wurare masu zafi da kuma 30% a matsayin busasshen busassun abubuwa masu zafi da sauran ƙananan kungiyoyi.

A cikin 2016 gwamnatin Indiya ta zartar da dokar CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority), ta ba da izinin kusan rupees dubu 40 (kusan dala biliyan 6) don zuwa jihohin Indiya don dasa bishiyoyi. Za a yi amfani da kudaden don kula da wuraren da ke tattare da su, taimakawa ƙarni na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kariya da gudanarwa, sake komawa ƙauyuka daga yankunan da aka kare, gudanar da rikice-rikicen ɗan adam da na namun daji, horo da wayar da kan jama'a, samar da na'urorin ceton itace da ayyukan da suka haɗa kai. Ƙara murfin itace zai kuma taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin sinks na carbon don saduwa da gudummawar da aka ƙayyade ta ƙasa (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide daidai ta hanyar ƙarin gandun daji da murfin itacen nan da 2030 - wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya don yaki da canjin yanayi.

@In 2016 the Maharashtra government planted almost 20,000,000 saplings and pledged to plant another 30,000,000 the following year. In 2019, 220 million trees were planted in a single day in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[43]

Bishiyoyi a cikin hamadar Negev. dunes da mutum ya yi (a nan liman) yana taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin Ruwan sama, samar da oasis.

  Tare da samar da itace a matsayin babban burin, an dasa monocultures na Aleppo pine da karfi tsakanin 1948 da 1970s. Bayan babban rushewar wannan nau'in a cikin shekarun 1990, saboda hare-haren da sikelin fashewar kwari ya kai, an maye gurbin bishiyar Aleppo a hankali da Pinus brutia.[44] Tun daga shekarun 1990s an sami yanayin zuwa ga ƙarin hanyoyin muhalli da ke shuka gandun daji da suka haɗu da bishiyoyi tare da nau'ikan Mediterranean masu laushi misali itacen oak, pistachio, carob, zaitun, arbutus da buckthorn.[45] Kimanin itatuwa miliyan 250 an dasa su ta hanyar JNF a duk faɗin Isra'ila tun 1990.Shirin itace ya karu daga 2% a 1948 zuwa sama da 8% a halin yanzu.[46]

Amurka

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A cikin 1800s mutane da ke motsawa zuwa yamma a Amurka sun haɗu da Great Plains - ƙasa mai ni'ima, yawan jama'a da buƙatun katako amma tare da itatuwa kaɗan don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. Julius Sterling Morton ne ya kafa Ranar Arbor a 1872 a Birnin Nebraska . [47] A cikin shekarun 1930 bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalilin ƙara sabon murfin itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a ƙarƙashin Sabon Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska daga Arewacin Dakota zuwa Texas don yaki da rushewar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt). [48]

Dubi kuma

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y

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 IPCC, 2022: Annex I: Glossary [van Diemen, R., J.B.R. Matthews, V. Möller, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, A. Reisinger, S. Semenov (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lark, Rachel (2023-10-02). "The Importance of Afforestation". Environment Co (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  3. ↑ Knapp, Benjamin O.; Wang, G. Geoff; Walker, Joan L.; Cohen, Susan (2006-05-01). "Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina". Forest Ecology and Management (in Turanci). 226 (1): 122–128. Bibcode:2006ForEM.226..122K. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029. ISSN 0378-1127.
  4. ↑ Grossnickle, Steven C.; Ivetić, Vladan (2017-12-30). "Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review". Reforesta (in Turanci) (4): 94–142. doi:10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46. ISSN 2466-4367.
  5. ↑ Dey, Daniel C.; Jacobs, Douglass; McNabb, Ken; Miller, Gary; Baldwin, V.; Foster, G. (2008-02-01). "Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature". Forest Science. 54 (1): 77–106. doi:10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77. ISSN 0015-749X.
  6. ↑ Kauffman, J. Boone (1991). "Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon". Biotropica. 23 (3): 219–224. Bibcode:1991Biotr..23..219K. doi:10.2307/2388198. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2388198.
  7. ↑ Sweeney, Bernard W.; Czapka, Stephen J.; Petrow, L. Carol A. (2007-05-01). "How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry (in Turanci). 31 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85. ISSN 0148-4419.
  8. ↑ Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts". Nature Climate Change. 11 (10): 867–871. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..867W. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z. S2CID 237947801 Check |s2cid= value (help). Samfuri:ProQuest.
  9. ↑ Kurtz, Michele (Fall 2020). "Growing trees, growing jobs". American Forests. 126 (3): 18–23. Samfuri:ProQuest.
  10. ↑ Suganuma, H.; Egashira, Y.; Utsugi, H.; Kojima, T. (July 2012). "Estimation of CO2 reduction amount by arid land afforestation in Western Australia". 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium: 7216–7219. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351997. S2CID 31123240.
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  12. ↑ Why is biodiversity important? (2018). Retrieved 28 April 2023, from https://www.conservation.org/blog/why-is-biodiversity-important
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Benedek & Fertő 20132
  14. ↑ Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". Science. 371 (6533): 990–991. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..990Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe7821. PMID 33674479 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 232124649 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022). "The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city". Trees, Forests and People. 8: 100267. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267. S2CID 248646593 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts". Nature Climate Change. 11 (10): 867–871. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..867W. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z. S2CID 237947801 Check |s2cid= value (help). Samfuri:ProQuest.
  17. ↑ Dasgupta, Shreya (2021-06-01). "Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science". The Wire Science (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  18. ↑ "Can tree campaigns curb climate change without harming grasslands?". Scienceline (in Turanci). 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  19. ↑ Bond, William J.; Stevens, Nicola; Midgley, Guy F.; Lehmann, Caroline E.R. (November 2019). "The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (in Turanci). 34 (11): 963–965. Bibcode:2019TEcoE..34..963B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003. PMID 31515117. S2CID 202568025. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  20. ↑ Franks, Samantha E.; Douglas, David J. T.; Gillings, Simon; Pearce-Higgins, James W. (2017-07-03). "Environmental correlates of breeding abundance and population change of Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata in Britain". Bird Study (in Turanci). 64 (3): 393–409. Bibcode:2017BirdS..64..393F. doi:10.1080/00063657.2017.1359233. ISSN 0006-3657. S2CID 89966879.
  21. ↑ Mykleby, P. M.; Snyder, P. K.; Twine, T. E. (2017-03-16). "Quantifying the trade-off between carbon sequestration and albedo in midlatitude and high-latitude North American forests". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 44 (5): 2493–2501. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.2493M. doi:10.1002/2016GL071459. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 133588291.
  22. ↑ Rohatyn, Shani; Yakir, Dan; Rotenberg, Eyal; Carmel, Yohay (2022-09-23). "Limited climate change mitigation potential through forestation of the vast dryland regions". Science (in Turanci). 377 (6613): 1436–1439. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1436R. doi:10.1126/science.abm9684. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36137038 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 252465486 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  23. ↑ "Projects: Adelaide Greening Strategy". www.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au.
  24. ↑ "Carbon Neutral Adelaide Status Report 2021 Final" (PDF). cdn.environment.sa.gov.au.
  25. ↑ Dominy, S.W.J. (June 2010). "A retrospective and lessons learned from Natural Resources Canada's Forest 2020 afforestation initiative". The Forestry Chronicle (in Turanci). 86 (3): 339–347. doi:10.5558/tfc86339-3.
  26. ↑ "2 Billion Trees Program". Canada.ca (in Turanci). Government of Canada. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  27. ↑ China Forest Law Amendment atibt.org
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  29. ↑ "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China_ News_ 福建省人民政府门户网站". www.fujian.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
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  31. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2019-08-22). "Saihanba Afforestation Community | Champions of the Earth". www.unep.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Restoring China's Loess Plateau". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  33. ↑ Nicholas Invalid |url-status=Zu (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  34. ↑ Cao, Shixiong; Chen, Li; Shankman, David; Wang, Chunmei; Wang, Xiongbin; Zhang, Hong (2011-02-01). "Excessive reliance on afforestation in China's arid and semi-arid regions: Lessons in ecological restoration". Earth-Science Reviews (in Turanci). 104 (4): 240–245. Bibcode:2011ESRv..104..240C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.002. ISSN 0012-8252.
  35. ↑ Shi, Jun; Cui, Linli (2010-11-30). "Soil carbon change and its affecting factors following afforestation in China". Landscape and Urban Planning (in Turanci). 98 (2): 75–85. Bibcode:2010LUrbP..98...75S. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.011. ISSN 0169-2046.
  36. ↑ Xu, Deying (1995-01-01). "The potential for reducing atmospheric carbon by large-scale afforestation in China and related cost/benefit analysis". Biomass and Bioenergy. Forestry and Climate Change (in Turanci). 8 (5): 337–344. Bibcode:1995BmBe....8..337X. doi:10.1016/0961-9534(95)00026-7. ISSN 0961-9534.
  37. ↑ Zhang, Xianghua; Busch, Jonah; Huang, Yingli; Fleskens, Luuk; Qin, Huiyan; Qiao, Zhenhua (2023). "Cost of mitigating climate change through reforestation in China". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 6. Bibcode:2023FrFGC...629216Z. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1229216. ISSN 2624-893X.
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  45. ↑ Perevolotsky, Avi; Sheffer, Efrat (2009-12-01). "Forest management in Israel—The ecological alternative". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 57 (1): 35–48. Bibcode:2009IsJPS..57...35P. doi:10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.35 (inactive 2024-02-12). ISSN 0792-9978.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Faburairu, 2024 (link)[permanent dead link]
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  48. ↑ https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/219294/Snow_umn_0130E_20031.pdf?sequence=1

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